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A Gaussian quadrature-like formula for numerical estimation of integrals. It requires m+1 points and fits all polynomials to degree 2m, so it effectively fits exactly all ...

A cryptographic hash function is most commonly one of the following: a one-way hash function, a collision-free hash function, a trapdoor one-way hash function, or a function ...

A method of stochastic optimization including techniques such as gradient search or Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation.

For discrete problems in which no efficient solution method is known, it might be necessary to test each possibility sequentially in order to determine if it is the solution. ...

A Mycielski graph M_k of order k is a triangle-free graph with chromatic number k having the smallest possible number of vertices. For example, triangle-free graphs with ...

A set of curves whose equations are of the same form but which have different values assigned to one or more parameters in the equations. Families of curves arise, for ...

A heptomino is a 7-polyomino. There are 108 free (illustrated above), 196 one-sided, and 760 fixed heptominoes. There is a single heptomino containing a hole (illustrated ...

Let S be a nonempty set, then an ultrafilter on S is a nonempty collection F of subsets of S having the following properties: 1. emptyset not in F. 2. If A,B in F, then A ...

Also called Radau quadrature (Chandrasekhar 1960). A Gaussian quadrature with weighting function W(x)=1 in which the endpoints of the interval [-1,1] are included in a total ...

A method of displaying simple statistical parameters including hinges, the statistical median, and upper and lower values.