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Let A and B be two algebras over the same signature Sigma, with carriers A and B, respectively (cf. universal algebra). B is a subalgebra of A if B subset= A and every ...

Birthday attacks are a class of brute-force techniques used in an attempt to solve a class of cryptographic hash function problems. These methods take advantage of functions ...

A black bishop graph is a graph formed from possible moves of a bishop chess piece, which may make diagonal moves of any length on a chessboard (or any other board), when ...

In 1850, Bravais demonstrated that crystals were comprised of 14 different types of unit cells: simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic; simple tetragonal, ...

The Byzantine generals problem considers a computer with many programs running, some of them possibly unfriendly, and asks how the computer can function properly. More ...

A C^infty function is a function that is differentiable for all degrees of differentiation. For instance, f(x)=e^(2x) (left figure above) is C^infty because its nth ...

A function with k continuous derivatives is called a C^k function. In order to specify a C^k function on a domain X, the notation C^k(X) is used. The most common C^k space is ...

Cantor dust is a fractal that can be constructed using string rewriting beginning with a cell [0] and iterating the rules {0->[0 0 0; 0 0 0; 0 0 0],1->[1 0 1; 0 0 0; 1 0 1]}. ...

A dimension also called the fractal dimension, Hausdorff dimension, and Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension in which nonintegral values are permitted. Objects whose capacity ...

A multiway system that generates causal networks which are all isomorphic as acyclic digraphs is said to exhibit causal invariance, and the causal network itself is also said ...