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Let theta be the angle between two vectors. If 0<theta<pi, the vectors are positively oriented. If pi<theta<2pi, the vectors are negatively oriented. Two vectors in the plane ...

The function intx gives the integer part of x. In many computer languages, the function is denoted int(x). It is related to the floor and ceiling functions |_x_| and [x] by ...

where _5F_4(a,b,c,d,e;f,g,h,i;z) is a generalized hypergeometric function and Gamma(z) is the gamma function. Bailey (1935, pp. 25-26) called the Dougall-Ramanujan identity ...

The thickness (or depth) t(G) (Skiena 1990, p. 251; Beineke 1997) or theta(G) (Harary 1994, p. 120) of a graph G is the minimum number of planar edge-induced subgraphs P_i of ...

A closed geometric figure on the surface of a sphere which is formed by the arcs of great circles. The spherical polygon is a generalization of the spherical triangle. If ...

The elliptic modulus k is a quantity used in elliptic integrals and elliptic functions defined to be k=sqrt(m), where m is the parameter. An elliptic integral is written ...

The vertical line test is a graphical method of determining whether a curve in the plane represents the graph of a function by visually examining the number of intersections ...

The map which assigns every member of a set A to the same element id_A. It is identical to the identity function.

A set A of integers is recursively isomorphic to set B if there is a bijective recursive function f such that f(A)=B.

The sequency k of a Walsh function is defined as half the number of zero crossings in the time base.