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A complex number z may be represented as z=x+iy=|z|e^(itheta), (1) where |z| is a positive real number called the complex modulus of z, and theta (sometimes also denoted phi) ...

The word argument is used in several differing contexts in mathematics. The most common usage refers to the argument of a function, but is also commonly used to refer to the ...

An equation derived by Kronecker: where r(n) is the sum of squares function, zeta(z) is the Riemann zeta function, eta(z) is the Dirichlet eta function, Gamma(z) is the gamma ...

A function for which the integral can be computed is said to be integrable.

For R[z]>0, where J_nu(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind.

The winding number W(theta) of a map f(theta) with initial value theta is defined by W(theta)=lim_(n->infty)(f^n(theta)-theta)/n, which represents the average increase in the ...

Let each of f(a,b,c) and g(a,b,c) be a triangle center function or the zero function, and let one of the following three conditions hold. 1. The degree of homogeneity of g ...

If Y_i have normal independent distributions with mean 0 and variance 1, then chi^2=sum_(i=1)^rY_i^2 (1) is distributed as chi^2 with r degrees of freedom. This makes a chi^2 ...

Let S be a mathematical statement, then the Iverson bracket is defined by [S]={0 if S is false; 1 if S is true, (1) and corresponds to the so-called characteristic function. ...

Given any real number theta and any positive integer N, there exist integers h and k with 0<k<=N such that |ktheta-h|<1/N. A slightly weaker form of the theorem states that ...