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An adaptive Gaussian quadrature method for numerical integration in which error is estimation based on evaluation at special points known as "Kronrod points." By suitably ...

Let the difference of successive primes be defined by d_n=p_(n+1)-p_n, and d_n^k by d_n^k={d_n for k=1; |d_(n+1)^(k-1)-d_n^(k-1)| for k>1. (1) N. L. Gilbreath claimed that ...

Let there be m doctors and n<=m patients, and let all mn possible combinations of examinations of patients by doctors take place. Then what is the minimum number of surgical ...

Define the sequence a_0=1, a_1=x, and a_n=(a_(n-2))/(1+a_(n-1)) (1) for n>=0. The first few values are a_2 = 1/(1+x) (2) a_3 = (x(1+x))/(2+x) (3) a_4 = ...

Guilloché patterns are spirograph-like curves that frame a curve within an inner and outer envelope curve. They are used on banknotes, securities, and passports worldwide for ...

Given two randomly chosen n×n integer matrices, what is the probability D(n) that the corresponding determinants are relatively prime? Hafner et al. (1993) showed that ...

The determination of whether a Turing machine will come to a halt given a particular input program. The halting problem is solvable for machines with less than four states. ...

An important result in valuation theory which gives information on finding roots of polynomials. Hensel's lemma is formally stated as follows. Let (K,|·|) be a complete ...

The hyperbolic cosecant is defined as cschz=1/(sinhz)=2/(e^z-e^(-z)). (1) It is implemented in the Wolfram Language as Csch[z]. It is related to the hyperbolic cotangent ...

The hyperbolic cotangent is defined as cothz=(e^z+e^(-z))/(e^z-e^(-z))=(e^(2z)+1)/(e^(2z)-1). (1) The notation cthz is sometimes also used (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 2000, p. ...