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The tangent numbers, also called a zag number, and given by T_n=(2^(2n)(2^(2n)-1)|B_(2n)|)/(2n), (1) where B_n is a Bernoulli number, are numbers that can be defined either ...

A vector field is a section of its tangent bundle, meaning that to every point x in a manifold M, a vector X(x) in T_xM is associated, where T_x is the tangent space.

The inverse hyperbolic tangent tanh^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 481; Beyer 1987, p. 181), sometimes called the area hyperbolic tangent (Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 267), is ...

For a curve with radius vector r(t), the unit tangent vector T^^(t) is defined by T^^(t) = (r^.)/(|r^.|) (1) = (r^.)/(s^.) (2) = (dr)/(ds), (3) where t is a parameterization ...

From the point of view of coordinate charts, the notion of tangent space is quite simple. The tangent space consists of all directions, or velocities, a particle can take. In ...

Let x be a point in an n-dimensional compact manifold M, and attach at x a copy of R^n tangential to M. The resulting structure is called the tangent space of M at x and is ...

If f:M->N, then the tangent map Tf associated to f is a vector bundle homeomorphism Tf:TM->TN (i.e., a map between the tangent bundles of M and N respectively). The tangent ...

The tangent space at a point p in an abstract manifold M can be described without the use of embeddings or coordinate charts. The elements of the tangent space are called ...

Let the speed sigma of a closed curve on the unit sphere S^2 never vanish. Then the tangent indicatrix, also called the tantrix, tau=(sigma^.)/(|sigma^.|) is another closed ...

Any four mutually tangent spheres determine six points of tangency. A pair of tangencies (t_i,t_j) is said to be opposite if the two spheres determining t_i are distinct from ...