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For a subgroup H of a group G and an element x of G, define xH to be the set {xh:h in H} and Hx to be the set {hx:h in H}. A subset of G of the form xH for some x in G is ...

An equivalence class is defined as a subset of the form {x in X:xRa}, where a is an element of X and the notation "xRy" is used to mean that there is an equivalence relation ...

A partially ordered set (or poset) is a set taken together with a partial order on it. Formally, a partially ordered set is defined as an ordered pair P=(X,<=), where X is ...

In a noncommutative ring R, a right ideal is a subset I which is an additive subgroup of R and such that for all r in R and all a in I, ar in I. (1) For all a in R, the set ...

Let V be a real vector space (e.g., the real continuous functions C(I) on a closed interval I, two-dimensional Euclidean space R^2, the twice differentiable real functions ...

A Tychonoff plank is a topological space that is an example of a normal space which has a non-normal subset, thus showing that normality is not a hereditary property. Let ...

A radial function is a function phi:R^+->R satisfying phi(x,c)=phi(|x-c|) for points c in some subset Xi subset R^n. Here, |·| denotes the standard Euclidean norm in R^n and ...

Conditions at an initial time t=t_0 from which a given set of mathematical equations or physical system evolves. A system with initial conditions specified is known as an ...

A type of cryptography in which the encoding key is revealed without compromising the encoded message. The two best-known methods are the knapsack problem and RSA encryption.

Mann's theorem is a theorem widely circulated as the "alpha-beta conjecture" that was subsequently proven by Mann (1942). It states that if A and B are sets of integers each ...