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"Casting out nines" is an elementary check of a multiplication which makes use of the congruence 10^n=1 (mod 9). Let decimal numbers be written a=a_n...a_2a_1a_0, ...

The number of degrees of freedom in a problem, distribution, etc., is the number of parameters which may be independently varied.

If lim_(k->infty)u_k!=0, then the series {u_n} diverges.

The Fermat number F_n is prime iff 3^(2^(2^n-1))=-1 (mod F_n).

Calculus I

A box-and-whisker plot (sometimes called simply a box plot) is a histogram-like method of displaying data, invented by J. Tukey. To create a box-and-whisker plot, draw a box ...

Let f(x) be a monic polynomial of degree d with discriminant Delta. Then an odd integer n with (n,f(0)Delta)=1 is called a Frobenius pseudoprime with respect to f(x) if it ...

The Jacobian of the derivatives partialf/partialx_1, partialf/partialx_2, ..., partialf/partialx_n of a function f(x_1,x_2,...,x_n) with respect to x_1, x_2, ..., x_n is ...

The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis used in hypothesis testing that is contrary to the null hypothesis. It is usually taken to be that the observations are the ...

An ANOVA in which the number of replicates (sets of identical observations) is restricted to be the same for each factor level (treatment group).