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A set n distinct numbers taken from the interval [1,n^2] form a magic series if their sum is the nth magic constant M_n=1/2n(n^2+1) (Kraitchik 1942, p. 143). If the sum of ...

A multiway system is a kind of substitution system in which multiple states are permitted at any stage. This accommodates rule systems in which there is more than one ...

A problem is assigned to the NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) class if it is solvable in polynomial time by a nondeterministic Turing machine. A P-problem (whose ...

A connective in logic which yields true if any one of a sequence conditions is true, and false if all conditions are false. In formal logic, the term disjunction (or, more ...

Informally, a function f is a one-way function if 1. The description of f is publicly known and does not require any secret information for its operation. 2. Given x, it is ...

A word is said to be overlapfree if it has no subwords of the form xyxyx. A squarefree word is overlapfree, and an overlapfree word is cubefree. The numbers t(n) of binary ...

A pentomino is a 5-polyomino. There are 12 free pentominoes, 18 one-sided pentominoes, and 63 fixed pentominoes. The twelve free pentominoes are known by the letters of the ...

Every nonconstant entire function attains every complex value with at most one exception (Henrici 1988, p. 216; Apostol 1997). Furthermore, every analytic function assumes ...

Two planes always intersect in a line as long as they are not parallel. Let the planes be specified in Hessian normal form, then the line of intersection must be ...

A point is a 0-dimensional mathematical object which can be specified in n-dimensional space using an n-tuple (x_1, x_2, ..., x_n) consisting of n coordinates. In dimensions ...