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The double graph of a given graph G is constructed by making two copies of G (including the initial edge set of each) and adding edges u_1v_2 and v_1u_2 for every edge uv of ...

The Dürer folium is a special case of the rose curve with n=1. It is therefore also an epitrochoid. It has polar equation r=asin(theta/2) (1) and can be written as a ...

A variable that appears in a calculation only as a placeholder and which disappears completely in the final result. For example, in the integral int_0^xf(x^')dx^', x^' is a ...

The evolute of an ellipse specified parametrically by x = acost (1) y = bsint (2) is given by the parametric equations x_e = (a^2-b^2)/acos^3t (3) y_e = (b^2-a^2)/bsin^3t. ...

A cone with elliptical cross section. The parametric equations for an elliptic cone of height h, semimajor axis a, and semiminor axis b are x = a(h-u)/hcosv (1) y = ...

The elliptic exponential function eexp_(a,b)(u) gives the value of x in the elliptic logarithm eln_(a,b)(x)=1/2int_infty^x(dt)/(sqrt(t^3+at^2+bt)) for a and b real such that ...

Elliptic rational functions R_n(xi,x) are a special class of rational functions that have nice properties for approximating other functions over the interval x in [-1,1]. In ...

A surface of revolution which is generalization of the ring torus. It is produced by rotating an ellipse having horizontal semi-axis a, vertical semi-axis b, embedded in the ...

The elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda is a convex equilateral orthobirotunda having regular pentagonal upper and lower rotundas arranged symmetrically with respect to each ...

An equivalence relation on a set X is a subset of X×X, i.e., a collection R of ordered pairs of elements of X, satisfying certain properties. Write "xRy" to mean (x,y) is an ...