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In algebraic topology, the Reidemeister torsion is a notion originally introduced as a topological invariant of 3-manifolds which has now been widely adapted to a variety of ...

A Smith number is a composite number the sum of whose digits is the sum of the digits of its prime factors (excluding 1). (The primes are excluded since they trivially ...

A sum is the result of an addition. For example, adding 1, 2, 3, and 4 gives the sum 10, written 1+2+3+4=10. (1) The numbers being summed are called addends, or sometimes ...

For an integer n>=2, let lpf(n) denote the least prime factor of n. A pair of integers (x,y) is called a twin peak if 1. x<y, 2. lpf(x)=lpf(y), 3. For all z, x<z<y implies ...

The Walsh functions consist of trains of square pulses (with the allowed states being -1 and 1) such that transitions may only occur at fixed intervals of a unit time step, ...

Calculus I

Discrete Mathematics

Calculating the 13th root of a large number (that is a perfect 13th power) is a famous mental calculation challenge. However, because of difficulties in standardizing the ...

The coordinates representing any point of an n-dimensional affine space A by an n-tuple of real numbers, thus establishing a one-to-one correspondence between A and R^n. If V ...

A quasigroup with an identity element e such that xe=x and ex=x for any x in the quasigroup. All groups are loops. In general, loops are considered to have very little in the ...