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The determination of whether a Turing machine will come to a halt given a particular input program. The halting problem is solvable for machines with less than four states. ...

A Hilbert space is a vector space H with an inner product <f,g> such that the norm defined by |f|=sqrt(<f,f>) turns H into a complete metric space. If the metric defined by ...

An identity graph, sometimes also known as an asymmetric graph or rigid graph (Albertson and Collins 1996), is a graph possessing a single graph automorphism. The numbers of ...

The infimum is the greatest lower bound of a set S, defined as a quantity m such that no member of the set is less than m, but if epsilon is any positive quantity, however ...

An integral graph, not to be confused with an integral embedding of a graph, is defined as a graph whose graph spectrum consists entirely of integers. The notion was first ...

The Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition is a kind of boundary-value condition which naturally emerges in quantum statistical mechanics and related areas. Given a quantum ...

Modular arithmetic is the arithmetic of congruences, sometimes known informally as "clock arithmetic." In modular arithmetic, numbers "wrap around" upon reaching a given ...

A module is a mathematical object in which things can be added together commutatively by multiplying coefficients and in which most of the rules of manipulating vectors hold. ...

The multicomputational paradigm is a generalization of the computational paradigm to many computational threads of time. In the ordinary computational paradigm, time ...

A connective in logic which yields true if any one of a sequence conditions is true, and false if all conditions are false. In formal logic, the term disjunction (or, more ...