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An ideal is a subset I of elements in a ring R that forms an additive group and has the property that, whenever x belongs to R and y belongs to I, then xy and yx belong to I. ...

The n-ladder graph can be defined as L_n=P_2 square P_n, where P_n is a path graph (Hosoya and Harary 1993; Noy and Ribó 2004, Fig. 1). It is therefore equivalent to the 2×n ...

A one-person game played on a rectangular lattice of lamps which can be turned on and off. A move consists of flipping a "switch" inside one of the squares, thereby toggling ...

The term metric signature refers to the signature of a metric tensor g=g_(ij) on a smooth manifold M, a tool which quantifies the numbers of positive, zero, and negative ...

A hypergeometric identity discovered by Ramanujan around 1910. From Hardy (1999, pp. 13 and 102-103), (1) where a^((n))=a(a+1)...(a+n-1) (2) is the rising factorial (a.k.a. ...

Eigenvalues are a special set of scalars associated with a linear system of equations (i.e., a matrix equation) that are sometimes also known as characteristic roots, ...

Number Theory

If, in two solids of equal altitude, the sections made by planes parallel to and at the same distance from their respective bases are always equal, then the volumes of the ...

Given a hereditary representation of a number n in base b, let B[b](n) be the nonnegative integer which results if we syntactically replace each b by b+1 (i.e., B[b] is a ...

The generalized hypergeometric function is given by a hypergeometric series, i.e., a series for which the ratio of successive terms can be written ...