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A short set of data that proves the primality of a number. A certificate can, in general, be checked much more quickly than the time required to generate the certificate. ...

An abundant number for which all proper divisors are deficient is called a primitive abundant number (Guy 1994, p. 46). The first few odd primitive abundant numbers are 945, ...

The principal branch of an analytic multivalued function, also called a principal sheet, is a single-valued "slice" (i.e., branch) of the function chosen that is for ...

A polyhedron having two polygons in parallel planes as bases and triangular or trapezoidal lateral faces with one side lying in one base and the opposite polyhedron vertex or ...

The term "product" refers to the result of one or more multiplications. For example, the mathematical statement a×b=c would be read "a times b equals c," where a is called ...

A property that is always fulfilled by the product of topological spaces, if it is fulfilled by each single factor. Examples of productive properties are connectedness, and ...

The projective plane crossing number of a graph is the minimal number of crossings with which the graph can be drawn on the real projective plane. A graph with projective ...

A proof by contradiction establishes the truth of a given proposition by the supposition that it is false and the subsequent drawing of a conclusion that is contradictory to ...

An encoding which provides a bijection between the n^(n-2) labeled trees on n nodes and strings of n-2 integers chosen from an alphabet of the numbers 1 to n. A labeled tree ...

A quotient of two polynomials P(z) and Q(z), R(z)=(P(z))/(Q(z)), is called a rational function, or sometimes a rational polynomial function. More generally, if P and Q are ...