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The flattening of a spheroid (also called oblateness) is denoted epsilon or f (Snyder 1987, p. 13). It is defined as epsilon={(a-c)/a=1-c/a oblate; (c-a)/a=c/a-1 prolate, (1) ...

A global minimum, also known as an absolute minimum, is the smallest overall value of a set, function, etc., over its entire range. It is impossible to construct an algorithm ...

Half of a sphere cut by a plane passing through its center. A hemisphere of radius r can be given by the usual spherical coordinates x = rcosthetasinphi (1) y = ...

The numbers B_(n,k)(1!,2!,3!,...)=(n-1; k-1)(n!)/(k!), where B_(n,k) is a Bell polynomial.

Let K be a field of field characteristic 0 (e.g., the rationals Q) and let {u_n} be a sequence of elements of K which satisfies a difference equation of the form ...

Simple majority vote is the only procedure which is anonymous, dual, and monotonic.

An n-dimensional open ball of radius r is the collection of points of distance less than r from a fixed point in Euclidean n-space. Explicitly, the open ball with center x ...

A tree is planted at each lattice point in a circular orchard which has center at the origin and radius r. If the radius of trees exceeds 1/r units, one is unable to see out ...

An inner automorphism of a group G is an automorphism of the form phi(g)=h^(-1)gh, where h is a fixed element of G. An outer automorphism of G is an automorphism which cannot ...

If a circular pizza is divided into 8, 12, 16, ... slices by making cuts at equal angles from an arbitrary point, then the sums of the areas of alternate slices are equal. ...