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A proof that is only based on visual elements, without any comments. An arithmetic identity can be demonstrated by a picture showing a self-evident equality between numerical ...

A quadratic form involving n real variables x_1, x_2, ..., x_n associated with the n×n matrix A=a_(ij) is given by Q(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)=a_(ij)x_ix_j, (1) where Einstein ...

The term "quotient" is most commonly used to refer to the ratio q=r/s of two quantities r and s, where s!=0. Less commonly, the term quotient is also used to mean the integer ...

Rule 190 is one of the elementary cellular automaton rules introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983 (Wolfram 1983, 2002). It specifies the next color in a cell, depending on its ...

A sequential substitution system is a substitution system in which a string is scanned from left to right for the first occurrence of the first rule pattern. If the pattern ...

The term "similarity transformation" is used either to refer to a geometric similarity, or to a matrix transformation that results in a similarity. A similarity ...

Stochastic is synonymous with "random." The word is of Greek origin and means "pertaining to chance" (Parzen 1962, p. 7). It is used to indicate that a particular subject is ...

In logic, the term "homomorphism" is used in a manner similar to but a bit different from its usage in abstract algebra. The usage in logic is a special case of a "morphism" ...

The biconnected graph theta_0 on seven nodes and seven edges illustrated above. It has chromatic polynomial pi_(theta_0)(z)=z^7-8z^6+28z^5-56z^4+68z^3-47z^2+14z and chromatic ...

Togliatti (1940, 1949) showed that quintic surfaces having 31 ordinary double points exist, although he did not explicitly derive equations for such surfaces. Beauville ...