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Differential evolution is a stochastic parallel direct search evolution strategy optimization method that is fairly fast and reasonably robust. Differential evolution is ...

A group G is said to act on a set X when there is a map phi:G×X->X such that the following conditions hold for all elements x in X. 1. phi(e,x)=x where e is the identity ...

For any prime number p and any positive integer n, the p^n-rank r_(p^n)(G) of a finitely generated Abelian group G is the number of copies of the cyclic group Z_(p^n) ...

Two mathematical objects are said to be homotopic if one can be continuously deformed into the other. For example, the real line is homotopic to a single point, as is any ...

The regular tessellation {6,3} consisting of regular hexagons (i.e., a hexagonal grid). In general, the term honeycomb is used to refer to a tessellation in n dimensions for ...

A linear transformation between two vector spaces V and W is a map T:V->W such that the following hold: 1. T(v_1+v_2)=T(v_1)+T(v_2) for any vectors v_1 and v_2 in V, and 2. ...

Measure theory is the study of measures. It generalizes the intuitive notions of length, area, and volume. The earliest and most important examples are Jordan measure and ...

The ruliad may be defined as the entangled limit of everything that is computationally possible, i.e., the result of following all possible computational rules in all ...

A square matrix that does not have a matrix inverse. A matrix is singular iff its determinant is 0. For example, there are 10 singular 2×2 (0,1)-matrices: [0 0; 0 0],[0 0; 0 ...

The spherical curve taken by a ship which travels from the south pole to the north pole of a sphere while keeping a fixed (but not right) angle with respect to the meridians. ...