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A number r is an nth root of unity if r^n=1 and a primitive nth root of unity if, in addition, n is the smallest integer of k=1, ..., n for which r^k=1.

An extension A subset B of a group, ring, module, field, etc., such that A!=B.

A proper factor of a positive integer n is a factor of n other than 1 or n (Derbyshire 2004, p. 32). For example, 2 and 3 are positive proper factors of 6, but 1 and 6 are ...

A group action of a topological group G on a topological space X is said to be a proper group action if the mapping G×X->X×X(g,x)|->(gx,x) is a proper map, i.e., inverses of ...

A submodule that is not the entire module.

A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 2. A univariate quadratic polynomial has the form f(x)=a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0. An equation involving a quadratic polynomial is ...

A group of four elements, also called a quadruplet or tetrad.

A quintic curve is an algebraic curve of order five. Examples of quintic curves include the Burnside curve, butterfly catastrophe curve, and stirrup curve.

int_0^inftycos(2zt)sech(pit)dt=1/2sechz for |I[z]|<pi/2. A related integral is int_0^inftycosh(2zt)sech(pit)dt=1/2secz for |R[z]|<pi/2.

The fractal-like figure obtained by performing the same iteration as for the Mandelbrot set, but adding a random component R, z_(n+1)=z_n^2+c+R. In the above plot, ...