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The square of a graph is defined as its second graph power. The square of any biconnected graph is Hamiltonian (Fleischner 1974, Skiena 1990, p. 231). Mukhopadhyay (1967) has ...

A method of determining the maximum number of positive and negative real roots of a polynomial. For positive roots, start with the sign of the coefficient of the lowest (or ...

There are two equivalent definitions for a nilpotent matrix. 1. A square matrix whose eigenvalues are all 0. 2. A square matrix A such that A^n is the zero matrix 0 for some ...

Let A be a set. An operation on A is a function from a power of A into A. More precisely, given an ordinal number alpha, a function from A^alpha into A is an alpha-ary ...

An analytic function f on the unit disk is called schlicht if 1. f is one-to-one, 2. f(0)=0, and 3. f^'(0)=1, in which case it is written f in S. Schlicht functions have ...

Let (K,|·|) be a complete non-Archimedean valuated field, with valuation ring R, and let f(X) be a power series with coefficients in R. Suppose at least one of the ...

Calculating the 13th root of a large number (that is a perfect 13th power) is a famous mental calculation challenge. However, because of difficulties in standardizing the ...

A field which is complete with respect to a discrete valuation is called a local field if its field of residue classes is finite. The Hasse principle is one of the chief ...

An n-fold multimagic cube is a magic cube that remains magic when each element is squared, cubed, etc., up to nth power. (Of course, when the elements of a cube are taken to ...

A finite field is a field with a finite field order (i.e., number of elements), also called a Galois field. The order of a finite field is always a prime or a power of a ...