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A square number, also called a perfect square, is a figurate number of the form S_n=n^2, where n is an integer. The square numbers for n=0, 1, ... are 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ...

An additive group is a group where the operation is called addition and is denoted +. In an additive group, the identity element is called zero, and the inverse of the ...

Bilinski (1960) noted that by collapsing any one of the five zones of the rhombic icosahedron, a second rhombic dodecahedron distinct from the dual polyhedron of the ...

A chain complex is a sequence of maps ...-->^(partial_(i+1))C_i-->^(partial_i)C_(i-1)-->^(partial_(i-1))..., (1) where the spaces C_i may be Abelian groups or modules. The ...

The crystallographic point groups are the point groups in which translational periodicity is required (the so-called crystallography restriction). There are 32 such groups, ...

Given a real m×n matrix A, there are four associated vector subspaces which are known colloquially as its fundamental subspaces, namely the column spaces and the null spaces ...

A Lie group is a smooth manifold obeying the group properties and that satisfies the additional condition that the group operations are differentiable. This definition is ...

The low-level language of topology, which is not really considered a separate "branch" of topology. Point-set topology, also called set-theoretic topology or general ...

For every even dimension 2n, the symplectic group Sp(2n) is the group of 2n×2n matrices which preserve a nondegenerate antisymmetric bilinear form omega, i.e., a symplectic ...

Algebraic topology is the study of intrinsic qualitative aspects of spatial objects (e.g., surfaces, spheres, tori, circles, knots, links, configuration spaces, etc.) that ...