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The study of efficient algorithms for solving geometric problems. Examples of problems treated by computational geometry include determination of the convex hull and Voronoi ...

A portion of a disk whose upper boundary is a (circular) arc and whose lower boundary is a chord making a central angle theta<pi radians (180 degrees), illustrated above as ...

The cosine function cosx is one of the basic functions encountered in trigonometry (the others being the cosecant, cotangent, secant, sine, and tangent). Let theta be an ...

An n×n magic square for which every pair of numbers symmetrically opposite the center sum to n^2+1. The Lo Shu is associative but not panmagic. The numbers of associative ...

A 1-variable unoriented knot polynomial Q(x). It satisfies Q_(unknot)=1 (1) and the skein relationship Q_(L_+)+Q_(L_-)=x(Q_(L_0)+Q_(L_infty)). (2) It also satisfies ...

The backward difference is a finite difference defined by del _p=del f_p=f_p-f_(p-1). (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the backward ...

There are three types of boundary conditions commonly encountered in the solution of partial differential equations: 1. Dirichlet boundary conditions specify the value of the ...

A Tschirnhausen transformation can be used to algebraically transform a general quintic equation to the form z^5+c_1z+c_0=0. (1) In practice, the general quintic is first ...

If n=1,2 (mod 4), and the squarefree part of n is divisible by a prime p=3 (mod 4), then no difference set of order n exists. Equivalently, if a projective plane of order n ...

A centered polygonal number consisting of a central dot with four dots around it, and then additional dots in the gaps between adjacent dots. The general term is n^2+(n+1)^2, ...