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Kepler's equation gives the relation between the polar coordinates of a celestial body (such as a planet) and the time elapsed from a given initial point. Kepler's equation ...

The Balthasart projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection that uses a standard parallel of phi_s=50 degrees.

The Tristan Edwards projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection which uses a standard parallel of phi_s=37.383 degrees.

Let A, B, and C be three polar vectors, and define V_(ijk) = |A_i B_i C_i; A_j B_j C_j; A_k B_k C_k| (1) = det[A B C], (2) where det is the determinant. The V_(ijk) is a ...

The region lying between two concentric circles. The area of the annulus formed by two circles of radii a and b (with a>b) is A_(annulus)=pi(a^2-b^2). The annulus is ...

A fractal derived from the Koch snowflake. The base curve and motif for the fractal are illustrated below. The area enclosed by pieces of the curve after the nth iteration is ...

A 4-cusped hypocycloid which is sometimes also called a tetracuspid, cubocycloid, or paracycle. The parametric equations of the astroid can be obtained by plugging in n=a/b=4 ...

The Gall orthographic projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection with standard parallel of 45 degrees.

The isoperimetric quotient of a closed curve is defined as the ratio of the curve area to the area of a circle (A=pir_A^2) with same perimeter (p=2pir_p) as the curve, Q = ...

Pick three points P=(x_1,y_1), Q=(x_2,y_2), and R=(x_3,y_3) distributed independently and uniformly in a unit disk K (i.e., in the interior of the unit circle). Then the ...