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An outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution (Moore and McCabe 1999). Usually, the presence of an outlier indicates some sort of ...

A path gamma is a continuous mapping gamma:[a,b]|->C^0, where gamma(a) is the initial point, gamma(b) is the final point, and C^0 denotes the space of continuous functions. ...

In elliptic n-space, the flat pole of an (n-1)-flat is a point located an arc length of pi/2 radians distant from each point of the (n-1)-flat. For an n-dimensional spherical ...

The maximum and minimum of the normal curvature kappa_1 and kappa_2 at a given point on a surface are called the principal curvatures. The principal curvatures measure the ...

Sorites paradoxes are a class of paradoxical arguments also known as little-by-little arguments. The name "sorites" derives from the Greek word soros, meaning "pile" or ...

Consider a star graph S_(n+1) consisting of a central hub vertex and n spokes, but instead of placing a single point at the end of each spoke, place k points along it (in ...

By analogy with the tanc function, define the tanhc function by tanhc(z)={(tanhz)/z for z!=0; 1 for z=0. (1) It has derivative (dtanhc(z))/(dz)=(sech^2z)/z-(tanhz)/(z^2). (2) ...

Four circles c_1, c_2, c_3, and c_4 are tangent to a fifth circle or a straight line iff T_(12)T_(34)+/-T_(13)T_(42)+/-T_(14)T_(23)=0. (1) where T_(ij) is the length of a ...

A quantity defined for a conic section which can be given in terms of semimajor a and semiminor axes b. interval curve e e=0 circle 0 0<e<1 ellipse sqrt(1-(b^2)/(a^2)) e=1 ...

The smallest radial distance of an ellipse as measured from a focus. Taking v=0 in the equation of an ellipse r=(a(1-e^2))/(1+ecosv) gives the periapsis distance r_-=a(1-e). ...