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In general, the catacaustics of the astroid are complicated curves. For an astroid with parametric equations x = cos^3t (1) y = sin^3t, (2) the catacaustic for a radiant ...

For the cardioid given parametrically as x = a(1+cost)cost (1) y = a(1+cost)sint, (2) the negative pedal curve with respect to the pedal point (x_0,y_0)=(0,0) is the circle ...

The evolute of a hyperbola with parametric equations x = acosht (1) y = bsinht (2) is x_e = ((a^2+b^2))/acosh^3t (3) y_e = -((a^2+b^2))/bsinh^3t, (4) which is similar to a ...

By the definition of the functions of trigonometry, the sine of pi is equal to the y-coordinate of the point with polar coordinates (r,theta)=(1,pi), giving sinpi=0. ...

A Lindenmayer system, also known as an L-system, is a string rewriting system that can be used to generate fractals with dimension between 1 and 2. Several example fractals ...

The frame bundle on a Riemannian manifold M is a principal bundle. Over every point p in M, the Riemannian metric determines the set of orthonormal frames, i.e., the possible ...

Also called Chvátal's art gallery theorem. If the walls of an art gallery are made up of n straight line segments, then the entire gallery can always be supervised by |_n/3_| ...

The directional derivative del _(u)f(x_0,y_0,z_0) is the rate at which the function f(x,y,z) changes at a point (x_0,y_0,z_0) in the direction u. It is a vector form of the ...

A magic square is a square array of numbers consisting of the distinct positive integers 1, 2, ..., n^2 arranged such that the sum of the n numbers in any horizontal, ...

Let P_i=x_i:y_i:z_i be trilinear points for i=1, 2, 3. The A-vertex of the unary cofactor triangle is then defined as the point y_2z_3-z_2y_3:z_2x_3-x_2z_3:x_2y_3-y_2x_3, and ...