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Clausen's _4F_3 identity _4F_3(a,b,c,d; e,f,g;1)=((2a)_(|d|)(a+b)_(|d|)(2b)_(|d|))/((2a+2b)_(|d|)a_(|d|)b_(|d|)), (1) holds for a+b+c-d=1/2, e=a+b+1/2, a+f=d+1=b+g, where d a ...

A module having dual properties with respect to a free module, as enumerated below. 1. Every free module is projective; every cofree module is injective. 2. For every module ...

The colon is the symbol ":". It is used in a number of different ways in mathematics. 1. To denote ratio or odds, as in 2:1 (voiced "two to one"). 2. To mean such that in ...

Two matrices A and B which satisfy AB=BA (1) under matrix multiplication are said to be commuting. In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative. Furthermore, in ...

Two complex numbers x=a+ib and y=c+id are multiplied as follows: xy = (a+ib)(c+id) (1) = ac+ibc+iad-bd (2) = (ac-bd)+i(ad+bc). (3) In component form, ...

An improper use of the symbol sqrt(-1) for the imaginary unit leads to the apparent proof of a false statement. sqrt(-1) = sqrt(-1) (1) sqrt((-1)/1) = sqrt(1/(-1)) (2) ...

Let a cone of opening parameter c and vertex at (0,0,0) intersect a sphere of radius r centered at (x_0,y_0,z_0), with the cone oriented such that its axis does not pass ...

_0F_1(;a;z)=lim_(q->infty)_1F_1(q;a;z/q). (1) It has a series expansion _0F_1(;a;z)=sum_(n=0)^infty(z^n)/((a)_nn!) (2) and satisfies z(d^2y)/(dz^2)+a(dy)/(dz)-y=0. (3) It is ...

(x^2)/(a^2-lambda)+(y^2)/(b^2-lambda)=z-lambda (1) (x^2)/(a^2-mu)+(y^2)/(b^2-mu)=z-mu (2) (x^2)/(a^2-nu)+(y^2)/(b^2-nu)=z-nu, (3) where lambda in (-infty,b^2), mu in ...

Conformal latitude is defined by chi = 2tan^(-1){tan(1/4pi+1/2phi)[(1-esinphi)/(1+esinphi)]^(e/2)}-1/2pi (1) = ...