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If two numbers b and c have the property that their difference b-c is integrally divisible by a number m (i.e., (b-c)/m is an integer), then b and c are said to be "congruent ...

A constant, sometimes also called a "mathematical constant," is any well-defined real number which is significantly interesting in some way. In this work, the term "constant" ...

When the elliptic modulus k has a singular value, the complete elliptic integrals may be computed in analytic form in terms of gamma functions. Abel (quoted in Whittaker and ...

The fundamental group of an arcwise-connected set X is the group formed by the sets of equivalence classes of the set of all loops, i.e., paths with initial and final points ...

The logarithm log_bx for a base b and a number x is defined to be the inverse function of taking b to the power x, i.e., b^x. Therefore, for any x and b, x=log_b(b^x), (1) or ...

The natural logarithm lnx is the logarithm having base e, where e=2.718281828.... (1) This function can be defined lnx=int_1^x(dt)/t (2) for x>0. This definition means that e ...

Given a Jacobi theta function, the nome is defined as q(k) = e^(piitau) (1) = e^(-piK^'(k)/K(k)) (2) = e^(-piK(sqrt(1-k^2))/K(k)) (3) (Borwein and Borwein 1987, pp. 41, 109 ...

In common usage, an ordinal number is an adjective which describes the numerical position of an object, e.g., first, second, third, etc. In formal set theory, an ordinal ...

A pairing function is a function that reversibly maps Z^*×Z^* onto Z^*, where Z^*={0,1,2,...} denotes nonnegative integers. Pairing functions arise naturally in the ...

A permutation, also called an "arrangement number" or "order," is a rearrangement of the elements of an ordered list S into a one-to-one correspondence with S itself. The ...