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The traveling salesman problem is a problem in graph theory requiring the most efficient (i.e., least total distance) Hamiltonian cycle a salesman can take through each of n ...

The contraction of a pair of vertices v_i and v_j of a graph, also called vertex identification, is the operation that produces a graph in which the two nodes v_1 and v_2 are ...

A weakly binary tree is a planted tree in which all nonroot graph vertices are adjacent to at most three graph vertices. Let g(z)=sum_(i=0)^inftyg_iz^i, (1) be the generating ...

Let A, B, and C be three circles in the plane, and let X be any circle touching B and C. Then build up a chain of circles such that Y:CAX, Z:ABY, X^':BCZ, Y^':CAX^', ...

Pre-Calculus

The term "arbelos" means shoemaker's knife in Greek, and this term is applied to the shaded area in the above figure which resembles the blade of a knife used by ancient ...

An affine variety V is an algebraic variety contained in affine space. For example, {(x,y,z):x^2+y^2-z^2=0} (1) is the cone, and {(x,y,z):x^2+y^2-z^2=0,ax+by+cz=0} (2) is a ...

The confluent hypergeometric function of the second kind gives the second linearly independent solution to the confluent hypergeometric differential equation. It is also ...

A star polygon {p/q}, with p,q positive integers, is a figure formed by connecting with straight lines every qth point out of p regularly spaced points lying on a ...

The Goldberg graphs are a family of graphs discovered by Goldberg (1981) which are snarks for n=5, 7, 9, .... Precomputed properties of Goldberg graphs are implemented in the ...