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Any composite number n with p|(n/p-1) for all prime divisors p of n. n is a Giuga number iff sum_(k=1)^(n-1)k^(phi(n))=-1 (mod n) (1) where phi is the totient function and ...

Let theta(t) be the Riemann-Siegel function. The unique value g_n such that theta(g_n)=pin (1) where n=0, 1, ... is then known as a Gram point (Edwards 2001, pp. 125-126). An ...

An algorithm used to recursively construct a set of objects from the smallest possible constituent parts. Given a set of k integers (a_1, a_2, ..., a_k) with a_1<a_2<...<a_k, ...

Green's theorem is a vector identity which is equivalent to the curl theorem in the plane. Over a region D in the plane with boundary partialD, Green's theorem states ...

Given two randomly chosen n×n integer matrices, what is the probability D(n) that the corresponding determinants are relatively prime? Hafner et al. (1993) showed that ...

A heart-shaped surface given by the sextic equation (x^2+9/4y^2+z^2-1)^3-x^2z^3-9/(80)y^2z^3=0 (Taubin 1993, 1994). The figures above show a ray-traced rendering (left) and ...

The regular tessellation {6,3} consisting of regular hexagons (i.e., a hexagonal grid). In general, the term honeycomb is used to refer to a tessellation in n dimensions for ...

The term "indeterminate" is sometimes used as a synonym for unknown or variable (Becker and Weispfenning 1993, p. 188). A mathematical expression can also be said to be ...

An interior point method is a linear or nonlinear programming method (Forsgren et al. 2002) that achieves optimization by going through the middle of the solid defined by the ...

There are at least three theorems known as Jensen's theorem. The first states that, for a fixed vector v=(v_1,...,v_m), the function |v|_p=(sum_(i=1)^m|v_i|^p)^(1/p) is a ...