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A covariant tensor, denoted with a lowered index (e.g., a_mu) is a tensor having specific transformation properties. In general, these transformation properties differ from ...

In the most commonly used convention (e.g., Apostol 1967, pp. 202-204), the first fundamental theorem of calculus, also termed "the fundamental theorem, part I" (e.g., Sisson ...

The squared norm of a four-vector a=(a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3)=a_0+a is given by the dot product a^2=a_mua^mu=(a^0)^2-a·a, (1) where a·a is the usual vector dot product in Euclidean ...

A tensor which has the same components in all rotated coordinate systems. All rank-0 tensors (scalars) are isotropic, but no rank-1 tensors (vectors) are. The unique rank-2 ...

The Kuen surface is a special case of Enneper's negative curvature surfaces which can be given parametrically by x = (2(cosu+usinu)sinv)/(1+u^2sin^2v) (1) = ...

Let there be three polynomials a(x), b(x), and c(x) with no common factors such that a(x)+b(x)=c(x). Then the number of distinct roots of the three polynomials is one or more ...

A topology that is "potentially" a metric topology, in the sense that one can define a suitable metric that induces it. The word "potentially" here means that although the ...

A surface such as the Möbius strip or Klein bottle (Gray 1997, pp. 322-323) on which there exists a closed path such that the directrix is reversed when moved around this ...

The term "pathological" is used in mathematics to refer to an example specifically cooked up to violate certain almost universally valid properties. Pathological problems ...

The low-level language of topology, which is not really considered a separate "branch" of topology. Point-set topology, also called set-theoretic topology or general ...