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If there is no integer 0<x<p such that x^2=q (mod p), i.e., if the congruence (35) has no solution, then q is said to be a quadratic nonresidue (mod p). If the congruence ...

A primality test that provides an efficient probabilistic algorithm for determining if a given number is prime. It is based on the properties of strong pseudoprimes. The ...

A rational number is a number that can be expressed as a fraction p/q where p and q are integers and q!=0. A rational number p/q is said to have numerator p and denominator ...

An extended rooted binary tree satisfying the following conditions: 1. Every node has two children, each colored either red or black. 2. Every tree leaf node is colored ...

The Riemann-Siegel formula is a formula discovered (but not published) by Riemann for computing an asymptotic formula for the Riemann-Siegel function theta(t). The formula ...

The rising factorial x^((n)), sometimes also denoted <x>_n (Comtet 1974, p. 6) or x^(n^_) (Graham et al. 1994, p. 48), is defined by x^((n))=x(x+1)...(x+n-1). (1) This ...

Roundoff error is the difference between an approximation of a number used in computation and its exact (correct) value. In certain types of computation, roundoff error can ...

Ruffini's rule a shortcut method for dividing a polynomial by a linear factor of the form x-a which can be used in place of the standard long division algorithm. This method ...

Sexy primes are pairs of primes of the form (p, p+6), so-named since "sex" is the Latin word for "six.". The first few sexy prime pairs are (5, 11), (7, 13), (11, 17), (13, ...

Given a simplex of unit content in Euclidean d-space, pick n>=d+1 points uniformly and independently at random, and denote the expected content of their convex hull by ...