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In August 2002, M. Agrawal and colleagues announced a deterministic algorithm for determining if a number is prime that runs in polynomial time (Agrawal et al. 2004). While ...

An alternating sign matrix is a matrix of 0s, 1s, and -1s in which the entries in each row or column sum to 1 and the nonzero entries in each row and column alternate in ...

The arithmetic mean of a set of values is the quantity commonly called "the" mean or the average. Given a set of samples {x_i}, the arithmetic mean is x^_=1/Nsum_(i=1)^Nx_i. ...

How far can a stack of n books protrude over the edge of a table without the stack falling over? It turns out that the maximum overhang possible d_n for n books (in terms of ...

A commutative diagram is a collection of maps A_i-->^(phi_i)B_i in which all map compositions starting from the same set A and ending with the same set B give the same ...

The Costa surface is a complete minimal embedded surface of finite topology (i.e., it has no boundary and does not intersect itself). It has genus 1 with three punctures ...

The cube-connected cycle graph of order n is the graph obtained by replacing each vertex in a n-dimensional hypercube by a cycle of length n. They were introduced by ...

An algebraic surface of order 3. Schläfli and Cayley classified the singular cubic surfaces. On the general cubic, there exists a curious geometrical structure called double ...

A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral for which a circle can be circumscribed so that it touches each polygon vertex. A quadrilateral that can be both inscribed and ...

A division algebra, also called a "division ring" or "skew field," is a ring in which every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse, but multiplication is not ...