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A puzzle in which one object is to be converted to another by making a finite number of cuts and reassembling it. The cuts are often, but not always, restricted to straight ...

Down arrow notation is an inverse of the Knuth up-arrow notation defined by evn = lnn (1) evvn = ln^*n (2) evvvn = ln^(**)n, (3) where ln^*n is the number of times the ...

Define the zeta function of a variety over a number field by taking the product over all prime ideals of the zeta functions of this variety reduced modulo the primes. Hasse ...

Let X be a metric space, A be a subset of X, and d a number >=0. The d-dimensional Hausdorff measure of A, H^d(A), is the infimum of positive numbers y such that for every ...

Let Gamma be an algebraic curve in a projective space of dimension n, and let p be the prime ideal defining Gamma, and let chi(p,m) be the number of linearly independent ...

A function of the coordinates which is constant along a trajectory in phase space. The number of degrees of freedom of a dynamical system such as the Duffing differential ...

The Krohn-Rhodes complexity, also called the group complexity or simply "the complexity," of a finite semigroup S is the smallest number of groups in a wreath product of ...

Let a graph G have exactly 2n-3 graph edges, where n is the number of graph vertices in G. Then G is "generically" rigid in R^2 iff e^'<=2n^'-3 for every subgraph of G having ...

A branch point whose neighborhood of values wrap around an infinite number of times as their complex arguments are varied. The point z=0 under the function lnz is therefore a ...

A magic hexagram is a hexagram partitioned into triangles such that the sums of numbers in the six directions illustrated above sum to the same number. There are exactly two ...