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Consider a two-dimensional tessellation with q regular p-gons at each polygon vertex. In the plane, (1-2/p)pi=(2pi)/q (1) 1/p+1/q=1/2, (2) so (p-2)(q-2)=4 (3) (Ball and ...

In the 1930s, Reidemeister first rigorously proved that knots exist which are distinct from the unknot. He did this by showing that all knot deformations can be reduced to a ...

Let a discrete distribution have probability function p_k, and let a second discrete distribution have probability function q_k. Then the relative entropy of p with respect ...

Relaxation methods are methods of solving partial differential equations that involve splitting the sparse matrix that arises from finite differencing then iterating until a ...

A surface of constant Gaussian curvature that can be given parametrically by x = a(Ucosu-U^'sinu) (1) y = -a(Usinu+U^'cosu) (2) z = v-aV^', (3) where U = ...

A polygon that can be dissected into n smaller copies of itself is called a rep-n-tile. The triangular polygonal spiral is also a rep-tile. The above figure shows the zeroth ...

The vector space tensor product V tensor W of two group representations of a group G is also a representation of G. An element g of G acts on a basis element v tensor w by ...

The word residue is used in a number of different contexts in mathematics. Two of the most common uses are the complex residue of a pole, and the remainder of a congruence. ...

The residue classes of a function f(x) mod n are all possible values of the residue f(x) (mod n). For example, the residue classes of x^2 (mod 6) are {0,1,3,4}, since 0^2=0 ...

Resolution is a widely used word with many different meanings. It can refer to resolution of equations, resolution of singularities (in algebraic geometry), resolution of ...