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Bipolar coordinates are a two-dimensional system of coordinates. There are two commonly defined types of bipolar coordinates, the first of which is defined by x = ...
A set of curvilinear coordinates defined by x = (asinhv)/(coshv-cosu) (1) y = (asinu)/(coshv-cosu) (2) z = z, (3) where u in [0,2pi), v in (-infty,infty), and z in ...
A number is said to be biquadratefree (or quarticfree) if its prime factorization contains no quadrupled factors. All primes and prime powers p^n with n<=3 are therefore ...
The term "biquadratic equation" is sometimes used to as a synonym for quartic equation (Beyer 1987b, p. 34), but perhaps more commonly (e.g., Hazewinkel 1988; Gellert et al. ...
Gauss stated the reciprocity theorem for the case n=4 x^4=q (mod p) (1) can be solved using the Gaussian integers as ...
A quaternion with complex coefficients. The algebra of biquaternions is isomorphic to a full matrix ring over the complex number field (van der Waerden 1985).
Let A and B be two algebras over the same signature Sigma, with carriers A and B, respectively (cf. universal algebra). B is a subalgebra of A if B subset= A and every ...
Birthday attacks are a class of brute-force techniques used in an attempt to solve a class of cryptographic hash function problems. These methods take advantage of functions ...
Bisection is the division of a given curve, figure, or interval into two equal parts (halves). A simple bisection procedure for iteratively converging on a solution which is ...
Let V(r) be the volume of a ball of radius r in a complete n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature tensor >=(n-1)kappa. Then V(r)<=V_kappa(r), where V_kappa is ...
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