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The arithmetic mean of a set of values is the quantity commonly called "the" mean or the average. Given a set of samples {x_i}, the arithmetic mean is x^_=1/Nsum_(i=1)^Nx_i. ...

Let n be a positive nonsquare integer. Then Artin conjectured that the set S(n) of all primes for which n is a primitive root is infinite. Under the assumption of the ...

There are two definitions of Bernoulli polynomials in use. The nth Bernoulli polynomial is denoted here by B_n(x) (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972), and the archaic form of the ...

Bertrand's postulate, also called the Bertrand-Chebyshev theorem or Chebyshev's theorem, states that if n>3, there is always at least one prime p between n and 2n-2. ...

The conjugate gradient method is not suitable for nonsymmetric systems because the residual vectors cannot be made orthogonal with short recurrences, as proved in Voevodin ...

A bipartite graph, also called a bigraph, is a set of graph vertices decomposed into two disjoint sets such that no two graph vertices within the same set are adjacent. A ...

The bivariate normal distribution is the statistical distribution with probability density function P(x_1,x_2)=1/(2pisigma_1sigma_2sqrt(1-rho^2))exp[-z/(2(1-rho^2))], (1) ...

In most modern literature, a Boolean model is a probabilistic model of continuum percolation theory characterized by the existence of a stationary point process X and a ...

The Cauchy principal value of a finite integral of a function f about a point c with a<=c<=b is given by ...

The circumcenter is the center O of a triangle's circumcircle. It can be found as the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors. The trilinear coordinates of the ...