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A notation for large numbers due to Steinhaus (1999). In circle notation, is defined as n in n squares, where numbers written inside squares (and triangles) are interpreted ...

Take K a number field and m a divisor of K. A congruence subgroup H is defined as a subgroup of the group of all fractional ideals relative prime to m (I_K^m) that contains ...

All closed surfaces, despite their seemingly diverse forms, are topologically equivalent to spheres with some number of handles or cross-caps. The traditional proof follows ...

Coding theory, sometimes called algebraic coding theory, deals with the design of error-correcting codes for the reliable transmission of information across noisy channels. ...

A coloring of plane regions, link segments, etc., is an assignment of a distinct labeling (which could be a number, letter, color, etc.) to each component. Coloring problems ...

Combinatorial geometry is a blending of principles from the areas of combinatorics and geometry. It deals with combinations and arrangements of geometric objects and with ...

A typesetting symbol which has several distinct meanings in mathematics. It is used for a number of purposes. 1. To denote Boundaries between elements in a list, as in ...

A compact manifold is a manifold that is compact as a topological space. Examples are the circle (the only one-dimensional compact manifold) and the n-dimensional sphere and ...

The expected number of trials needed to collect a complete set of n different objects when picked at random with repetition is nH_n (Havil 2003, p. 131). For n=1, 2, ..., the ...

A completely positive matrix is a real n×n square matrix A=(a_(ij)) that can be factorized as A=BB^(T), where B^(T) stands for the transpose of B and B is any (not ...