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A prolate spheroid is a spheroid that is "pointy" instead of "squashed," i.e., one for which the polar radius c is greater than the equatorial radius a, so c>a (called ...

Proportionally cutting circles are circles that intersect the sidelines of a reference triangle DeltaABC such that length of the chords that are cut off have lengths mua, ...

The pseudosquare L_p modulo the odd prime p is the least nonsquare positive integer that is congruent to 1 (mod 8) and for which the Legendre symbol (L_p/q)=1 for all odd ...

A pyramidal frustum is a frustum made by chopping the top off a pyramid. It is a special case of a prismatoid. For a right pyramidal frustum, let s be the slant height, h the ...

A quotient-difference table is a triangular array of numbers constructed by drawing a sequence of n numbers in a horizontal row and placing a 1 above each. An additional "1" ...

The radical lines of three circles are concurrent in a point known as the radical center (also called the power center). This theorem was originally demonstrated by Monge ...

A rational amicable pair consists of two integers a and b for which the divisor functions are equal and are of the form sigma(a)=sigma(b)=(P(a,b))/(Q(a,b))=R(a,b), (1) where ...

If there exists a rational integer x such that, when n, p, and q are positive integers, x^n=q (mod p), then q is the n-adic residue of p, i.e., q is an n-adic residue of p ...

The rectangle function Pi(x) is a function that is 0 outside the interval [-1/2,1/2] and unity inside it. It is also called the gate function, pulse function, or window ...

Two nonisomorphic graphs that have equal resistance spectra (i.e., multisets of resistance distances) are said to be resistance-equivalent. All nonisomorphic simple graphs on ...