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The pedal curve of a logarithmic spiral with parametric equation f = e^(at)cost (1) g = e^(at)sint (2) for a pedal point at the pole is an identical logarithmic spiral x = ...

The constant pi, denoted pi, is a real number defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference C to its diameter d=2r, pi = C/d (1) = C/(2r) (2) pi has decimal expansion ...

The number of nodes in a graph is called its order.

The logarithm log_bx for a base b and a number x is defined to be the inverse function of taking b to the power x, i.e., b^x. Therefore, for any x and b, x=log_b(b^x), (1) or ...

A generalization of the Fibonacci numbers defined by 1=G_1=G_2=...=G_(c-1) and the recurrence relation G_n=G_(n-1)+G_(n-c). (1) These are the sums of elements on successive ...

One of the numbers ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, .... The set of integers forms a ring that is denoted Z. A given integer n may be negative (n in Z^-), nonnegative (n in Z^*), zero ...

Three-dimensional generalization of the polyominoes to n dimensions. The number of polycubes N(n) composed of n cubes are 1, 1, 2, 8, 29, 166, 1023, ... (OEIS A000162; Ball ...

A hexagon (not necessarily regular) on whose polygon vertices a circle may be circumscribed. Let sigma_i=Pi_i(a_1^2,a_2^2,a_3^2,a_4^2,a_5^2,a_6^2) (1) denote the ith-order ...

A Pascal's triangle written in a square grid and padded with zeros, as written by Jakob Bernoulli (Smith 1984). The figurate number triangle therefore has entries a_(ij)=(i; ...

A method which can be used to solve any quadratic congruence equation. This technique relies on the fact that solving x^2=b (mod p) is equivalent to finding a value y such ...