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The genus gamma(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of handles that must be added to the plane to embed the graph without any crossings. A graph with genus 0 is embeddable ...

The Foster cage is one of the four (5,5)-cage graphs. Like the other (5,5)-cages, the Foster cage has 30 nodes. It has 75 edges, diameter 3, girth 5, chromatic number 4, and ...

Construct a chain C of 2n components in a solid torus V. Now thicken each component of C slightly to form a chain C_1 of 2n solid tori in V, where pi_1(V-C_1)=pi_1(V-C) via ...

For an ellipse given by the parametric equations x = acost (1) y = bsint, (2) the catacaustic is a complicated expression for generic radiant point (x_r,y_r). However, it ...

The kurtosis excess of a distribution is sometimes called the excess, or excess coefficient. In graph theory, excess refers to the quantity e=n-n_l(v,g) (1) for a v-regular ...

A continuous real function L(x,y) defined on the tangent bundle T(M) of an n-dimensional smooth manifold M is said to be a Finsler metric if 1. L(x,y) is differentiable at ...

A magic cube is an n×n×n version of a magic square in which the n^2 rows, n^2 columns, n^2 pillars, and four space diagonals each sum to a single number M_3(n) known as the ...

The perpendicular distance h from an arc's midpoint to the chord across it, equal to the radius R minus the apothem r, h=R-r. (1) For a regular polygon of side length a, h = ...

An integer sequence whose terms are defined in terms of number-related words in some language. For example, the following table gives the sequences of numbers having digits ...

Let Delta denote an integral convex polytope of dimension n in a lattice M, and let l_Delta(k) denote the number of lattice points in Delta dilated by a factor of the integer ...