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For a particular format in the IEEE 754-2008 framework, a normal number is a finite nonzero floating-point number with magnitude greater than or equal to a minimum value ...

A function w(x) used to normalize orthogonal functions int[f_n(x)]^2w(x)dx=N_n.

The conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for finding the nearest local minimum of a function of n variables which presupposes that the gradient of the function can be ...

Linear algebra is the study of linear sets of equations and their transformation properties. Linear algebra allows the analysis of rotations in space, least squares fitting, ...

The Grassmannian Gr(n,k) is the set of k-dimensional subspaces in an n-dimensional vector space. For example, the set of lines Gr(n+1,1) is projective space. The real ...

On a Riemannian manifold M, tangent vectors can be moved along a path by parallel transport, which preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. So a closed loop at a ...

The contrapedal curve, also called a normal pedal curve, is defined analogously to a usual pedal curve with "tangent" replaced by "normal." In particular, the contrapedal ...

The fitting subgroup is the subgroup generated by all normal nilpotent subgroups of a group H, denoted F(H). In the case of a finite group, the subgroup generated will itself ...

Let H be a subgroup of a group G. The similarity transformation of H by a fixed element x in G not in H always gives a subgroup. If xHx^(-1)=H for every element x in G, then ...

For a group G and a normal subgroup N of G, the quotient group of N in G, written G/N and read "G modulo N", is the set of cosets of N in G. Quotient groups are also called ...