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Pre-Calculus

An amicable quadruple as a quadruple (a,b,c,d) such that sigma(a)=sigma(b)=sigma(c)=sigma(d)=a+b+c+d, (1) where sigma(n) is the divisor function. If (a,b) and (x,y) are ...

Arc length is defined as the length along a curve, s=int_gamma|dl|, (1) where dl is a differential displacement vector along a curve gamma. For example, for a circle of ...

If f(z) is meromorphic in a region R enclosed by a contour gamma, let N be the number of complex roots of f(z) in gamma, and P be the number of poles in gamma, with each zero ...

A factorization of the form 2^(4n+2)+1=(2^(2n+1)-2^(n+1)+1)(2^(2n+1)+2^(n+1)+1). (1) The factorization for n=14 was discovered by Aurifeuille, and the general form was ...

Let alpha(z),gamma(z):(a,b)->R^3 be curves such that |gamma|=1 and alpha·gamma=0, and suppose that alpha and gamma have holomorphic extensions alpha,gamma:(a,b)×(c,d)->C^3 ...

Black-Scholes theory is the theory underlying financial derivatives which involves stochastic calculus and assumes an uncorrelated log normal distribution of continuously ...

A quadrilateral whose consecutive sides have the lengths a_1b_3, a_3b_2, a_2b_3, a_3b_1, where a_1^2+a_2^2=a_3^2 (1) and b_1^2+b_2^2=b_3^2. (2) Brahmagupta's trapezium is a ...

The Cauchy remainder is a different form of the remainder term than the Lagrange remainder. The Cauchy remainder after n terms of the Taylor series for a function f(x) ...

The hyperbolic cosine integral, often called the "Chi function" for short, is defined by Chi(z)=gamma+lnz+int_0^z(cosht-1)/tdt, (1) where gamma is the Euler-Mascheroni ...