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The Mertens function is the summary function M(n)=sum_(k=1)^nmu(k), (1) where mu(n) is the Möbius function (Mertens 1897; Havil 2003, p. 208). The first few values are 1, 0, ...

Numerical integration is the approximate computation of an integral using numerical techniques. The numerical computation of an integral is sometimes called quadrature. ...

Assume that n numbered pancakes are stacked, and that a spatula can be used to reverse the order of the top k pancakes for 2<=k<=n. Then the pancake sorting problem asks how ...

A polygonal number is a type of figurate number that is a generalization of triangular, square, etc., to an n-gon for n an arbitrary positive integer. The above diagrams ...

A root of a polynomial P(z) is a number z_i such that P(z_i)=0. The fundamental theorem of algebra states that a polynomial P(z) of degree n has n roots, some of which may be ...

A primality test is a test to determine whether or not a given number is prime, as opposed to actually decomposing the number into its constituent prime factors (which is ...

Two integers are relatively prime if they share no common positive factors (divisors) except 1. Using the notation (m,n) to denote the greatest common divisor, two integers m ...

A Riemann surface is a surface-like configuration that covers the complex plane with several, and in general infinitely many, "sheets." These sheets can have very complicated ...

Roman numerals are a system of numerical notations used by the Romans. They are an additive (and subtractive) system in which letters are used to denote certain "base" ...

A self-avoiding walk is a path from one point to another which never intersects itself. Such paths are usually considered to occur on lattices, so that steps are only allowed ...