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The term Borel hierarchy is used to describe a collection of subsets of R defined inductively as follows: Level one consists of all open and closed subsets of R, and upon ...

Letting Lk be the linking number of the two components of a ribbon, Tw be the twist, and Wr be the writhe, then Lk(K)=Tw(K)+Wr(K). (Adams 1994, p. 187).

A connected set is a set that cannot be partitioned into two nonempty subsets which are open in the relative topology induced on the set. Equivalently, it is a set which ...

An integral obtained by contour integration. The particular path in the complex plane used to compute the integral is called a contour. As a result of a truly amazing ...

The inversion of a convolution equation, i.e., the solution for f of an equation of the form f*g=h+epsilon, given g and h, where epsilon is the noise and * denotes the ...

The ordinary differential equation y^('')-(a+bk^2sn^2x+qk^4sn^4x)y=0, where snx=sn(x,k) is a Jacobi elliptic function (Arscott 1981).

The general nonhomogeneous differential equation is given by x^2(d^2y)/(dx^2)+alphax(dy)/(dx)+betay=S(x), (1) and the homogeneous equation is x^2y^('')+alphaxy^'+betay=0 (2) ...

Because the Legendre polynomials form a complete orthogonal system over the interval [-1,1] with respect to the weighting function w(x)=1, any function f(x) may be expanded ...

In two-dimensional polar coordinates, the Helmholtz differential equation is 1/rpartial/(partialr)(r(partialF)/(partialr))+1/(r^2)(partial^2F)/(partialtheta^2)+k^2F=0. (1) ...

The interior product is a dual notion of the wedge product in an exterior algebra LambdaV, where V is a vector space. Given an orthonormal basis {e_i} of V, the forms ...