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To predict the result of a measurement requires (1) a model of the system under investigation, and (2) a physical theory linking the parameters of the model to the parameters ...

In a 1847 talk to the Académie des Sciences in Paris, Gabriel Lamé (1795-1870) claimed to have proven Fermat's last theorem. However, Joseph Liouville immediately pointed out ...

The isogonal conjugate X^(-1) of a point X in the plane of the triangle DeltaABC is constructed by reflecting the lines AX, BX, and CX about the angle bisectors at A, B, and ...

The number of equivalent hyperspheres in n dimensions which can touch an equivalent hypersphere without any intersections, also sometimes called the Newton number, contact ...

LCF notation is a concise and convenient notation devised by Joshua Lederberg (winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine) for the representation of cubic ...

A wide variety of large numbers crop up in mathematics. Some are contrived, but some actually arise in proofs. Often, it is possible to prove existence theorems by deriving ...

An l_x table is a tabulation of numbers which is used to calculate life expectancies. x n_x d_x l_x q_x L_x T_x e_x 0 1000 200 1.00 0.20 0.90 2.70 2.70 1 800 100 0.80 0.12 ...

A one-person game played on a rectangular lattice of lamps which can be turned on and off. A move consists of flipping a "switch" inside one of the squares, thereby toggling ...

Linear programming, sometimes known as linear optimization, is the problem of maximizing or minimizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron specified by linear and ...

The straight line on which all points at infinity lie. The line at infinity is central line L_6 (Kimberling 1998, p. 150), and has trilinear equation aalpha+bbeta+cgamma=0, ...