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Call a projection of a link an almost alternating projection if one crossing change in the projection makes it an alternating projection. Then an almost alternating link is a ...

Dickson (1913, 2005) defined an amicable triple to be a triple of three numbers (l,m,n) such that s(l) = m+n (1) s(m) = l+n (2) s(n) = l+m, (3) where s(n) is the restricted ...

An Appell sequence is a Sheffer sequence for (g(t),t). Roman (1984, pp. 86-106) summarizes properties of Appell sequences and gives a number of specific examples. The ...

The mathematical study of how given quantities can be approximated by other (usually simpler) ones under appropriate conditions. Approximation theory also studies the size ...

An n×n magic square for which every pair of numbers symmetrically opposite the center sum to n^2+1. The Lo Shu is associative but not panmagic. The numbers of associative ...

The mathematical study of abstract computing machines (especially Turing machines) and the analysis of algorithms used by such machines. A connection between automata theory ...

Propositional calculus, first-order logic, and other theories in mathematical logic are defined by their axioms (or axiom schemata, plural: axiom schemata) and inference ...

Backgammon is a board game played by two players. The backgammon board is divided into four sections of six triangular regions on which pieces may be placed. Brown and white ...

The backward difference is a finite difference defined by del _p=del f_p=f_p-f_(p-1). (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the backward ...

A bar (also called an overbar) is a horizontal line written above a mathematical symbol to give it some special meaning. If the bar is placed over a single symbol, as in x^_ ...