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Euler (1738, 1753) considered the series s_a(x)=sum_(n=1)^infty[1/(1-a^n)product_(k=0)^(n-1)(1-xa^(-k))]. He showed that just like log_a(a^n)=n, s_a(a^n)=n for nonnegative ...

For positive numbers a and b with a!=b, (a+b)/2>(b-a)/(lnb-lna)>sqrt(ab).

The inverse curve of the logarithmic spiral r=e^(atheta) with inversion center at the origin and inversion radius k is the logarithmic spiral r=ke^(-atheta).

The pedal curve of a logarithmic spiral with parametric equation f = e^(at)cost (1) g = e^(at)sint (2) for a pedal point at the pole is an identical logarithmic spiral x = ...

The radial curve of the logarithmic spiral is another logarithmic spiral.

Given two distributions Y and X with joint probability density function f(x,y), let U=Y/X be the ratio distribution. Then the distribution function of u is D(u) = P(U<=u) (1) ...

Fischer's z-distribution is the general distribution defined by g(z)=(2n_1^(n_1/2)n_2^(n_2/2))/(B((n_1)/2,(n_2)/2))(e^(n_1z))/((n_1e^(2z)+n_2)^((n_1+n_2)/2)) (1) (Kenney and ...

F_k[P_N(k)](x)=F_k[exp(-N|k|^beta)](x), where F is the Fourier transform of the probability P_N(k) for N-step addition of random variables. Lévy showed that beta in (0,2) for ...

The chi distribution with n degrees of freedom is the distribution followed by the square root of a chi-squared random variable. For n=1, the chi distribution is a ...

A statistical distribution whose variables can take on only discrete values. Abramowitz and Stegun (1972, p. 929) give a table of the parameters of most common discrete ...