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The two functions theta(x) and psi(x) defined below are known as the Chebyshev functions. The function theta(x) is defined by theta(x) = sum_(k=1)^(pi(x))lnp_k (1) = ...

A sum of the digits in a given transmission modulo some number. The simplest form of checksum is a parity bit appended on to 7-bit numbers (e.g., ASCII characters) such that ...

Let A be a unital C^*-algebra, then an element u in A is called co-isometry if uu^*=1.

Cohomology is an invariant of a topological space, formally "dual" to homology, and so it detects "holes" in a space. Cohomology has more algebraic structure than homology, ...

A set in R^d is concave if it does not contain all the line segments connecting any pair of its points. If the set does contain all the line segments, it is called convex.

Two square matrices A and B are called congruent if there exists a nonsingular matrix P such that B=P^(T)AP, where P^(T) is the transpose.

A connected graph is graph that is connected in the sense of a topological space, i.e., there is a path from any point to any other point in the graph. A graph that is not ...

A partition p is said to contain another partition q if the Ferrers diagram of p contains the Ferrers diagram of q. For example, {3,3,2} (left figure) contains both {3,3,1} ...

A sphere with four punctures occurring where a knot passes through the surface.

Qualitatively, a deep theorem is a theorem whose proof is long, complicated, difficult, or appears to involve branches of mathematics which are not obviously related to the ...