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A complete oriented graph (Skiena 1990, p. 175), i.e., a graph in which every pair of nodes is connected by a single uniquely directed edge. The first and second 3-node ...

Given two intersecting lines or line segments, the amount of rotation about the point of intersection (the vertex) required to bring one into correspondence with the other is ...

A column-convex polyomino is a self-avoiding convex polyomino such that the intersection of any vertical line with the polyomino has at most two connected components. ...

The Kakeya needle problems asks for the plane figure of least area in which a line segment of width 1 can be freely rotated (where translation of the segment is also ...

A linear recurrence equation is a recurrence equation on a sequence of numbers {x_n} expressing x_n as a first-degree polynomial in x_k with k<n. For example ...

The number M_2(n) = 1/nsum_(k=1)^(n^2)k (1) = 1/2n(n^2+1) (2) to which the n numbers in any horizontal, vertical, or main diagonal line must sum in a magic square. The first ...

The word polytope is used to mean a number of related, but slightly different mathematical objects. A convex polytope may be defined as the convex hull of a finite set of ...

For a real positive t, the Riemann-Siegel Z function is defined by Z(t)=e^(itheta(t))zeta(1/2+it). (1) This function is sometimes also called the Hardy function or Hardy ...

The Schröder number S_n is the number of lattice paths in the Cartesian plane that start at (0, 0), end at (n,n), contain no points above the line y=x, and are composed only ...

For an integer n>=2, let lpf(n) denote the least prime factor of n. A pair of integers (x,y) is called a twin peak if 1. x<y, 2. lpf(x)=lpf(y), 3. For all z, x<z<y implies ...