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All elementary functions can be extended to the complex plane. Such definitions agree with the real definitions on the x-axis and constitute an analytic continuation.

For a function with 2 degrees of freedom, the 2-dimensional phase space that is accessible to the function or object is called its phase plane.

For a system of n first-order ordinary differential equations (or more generally, Pfaffian forms), the 2n-dimensional space consisting of the possible values of ...

Consider n intersecting ellipses. The maximal number of regions into which these divide the plane are N(n)=2n^2-2n+2=2(n^2-n+1), giving values for n=1, 2, ... of 2, 6, 14, ...

To find the minimum distance between a point in the plane (x_0,y_0) and a quadratic plane curve y=a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2, (1) note that the square of the distance is r^2 = ...

Members of a coaxal system satisfy x^2+y^2+2lambdax+c=(x+lambda)^2+y^2+c-lambda^2=0 for values of lambda. Picking lambda^2=c then gives the two circles (x+/-sqrt(c))^2+y^2=0 ...

A point lattice is a regularly spaced array of points. In the plane, point lattices can be constructed having unit cells in the shape of a square, rectangle, hexagon, etc. ...

Poisson's theorem gives the estimate (n!)/(k!(n-k)!)p^kq^(n-k)∼e^(-np)((np)^k)/(k!) for the probability of an event occurring k times in n trials with n>>1, p<<1, and np ...

A polybe is a polyform formed from a polycubes by removing of half of each cube such that at least half of the original join between cubes is retained. The numbers of polybes ...

Polycairos are polyforms obtained from the Cairo tessellation, illustrated above. The numbers of polycairos with n=1, 2, ... components are 1, 2, 5, 17, 55, 206, 781, 3099, ...