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The resolution principle, due to Robinson (1965), is a method of theorem proving that proceeds by constructing refutation proofs, i.e., proofs by contradiction. This method ...

For a single variate X having a distribution P(x) with known population mean mu, the population variance var(X), commonly also written sigma^2, is defined as ...

A connective in logic known as the "exclusive or," or exclusive disjunction. It yields true if exactly one (but not both) of two conditions is true. The XOR operation does ...

The Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra are four regular polyhedra which, unlike the Platonic solids, contain intersecting facial planes. In addition, two of the four Kepler-Poinsot ...

The Mertens function is the summary function M(n)=sum_(k=1)^nmu(k), (1) where mu(n) is the Möbius function (Mertens 1897; Havil 2003, p. 208). The first few values are 1, 0, ...

Assume that n numbered pancakes are stacked, and that a spatula can be used to reverse the order of the top k pancakes for 2<=k<=n. Then the pancake sorting problem asks how ...

A primality test is a test to determine whether or not a given number is prime, as opposed to actually decomposing the number into its constituent prime factors (which is ...

Roman numerals are a system of numerical notations used by the Romans. They are an additive (and subtractive) system in which letters are used to denote certain "base" ...

The study of angles and of the angular relationships of planar and three-dimensional figures is known as trigonometry. The trigonometric functions (also called the circular ...

A matrix is a concise and useful way of uniquely representing and working with linear transformations. In particular, every linear transformation can be represented by a ...